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Explore expert-written articles on molecular biology, cloning, and lab software tools.

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  • 🧬 DNA Assembly
  • 🔬 PCR Optimization
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Articles
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History of Science
The History of the Scientific Method: Part 2
8 min read • Dec 05, 2025

Ancient Science: Egypt, Greece, & the Islamic Golden Age.

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History of Science
The History of the Scientific Method: Part 3
7 min read • Dec 05, 2025

The Scientific Revolution: Bacon, Boyle & the Rise of Scientific Societies.

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History of Science
The History of the Scientific Method: Part 1
7 min read • Nov 05, 2025

Introduction to the origins of scientific methodology and the modern reproducibility crisis — why documentation and transparency remain essential.

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Software Tools
The 7 Best SnapGene Alternatives in 2026 (Free & Paid Options)
10 min read • Nov 04, 2025

Discover modern, affordable, and collaborative plasmid design tools beyond SnapGene — from Benchling to Photo51.

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PCR
The Ultimate Guide to PCR Primer Design
8 min read • Nov 03, 2025

Master the 9 golden rules of primer design — learn how to create efficient, specific primers for PCR, qPCR, and cloning.

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Molecular Cloning
The History of Molecular Cloning
12 min read • Nov 01, 2025

From restriction enzymes to Gibson Assembly — explore 50 years of breakthroughs that shaped modern biotechnology.

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Video
How to access Photo51
Video • 0.28 min • Mar 01, 2025

Watch how to sign up and access the molecular biology software Photo51

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Video
How to upload files in Photo51
Video • 0.48 min • Mar 01, 2025

Watch how to import files into Photo51, the molecular biology software.

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Video
How to organize files in Photo51
Video • 1.38 min • Mar 01, 2025

Watch the basics of creating new folders, moving files, deleting files and recovering files in Photo51

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Video
How to analyze plasmids in Photo51
Video • 3.48 min • Mar 01, 2025

Watch the basics of analyzing a plasmid file in Photo51 the molecular biology software. It goes over things like moving between map and sequence view, the split screen feature, all the overview tabs within the navigation bar and how to use these to better understand you plasmid.

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Video
How to do Gateway BP Cloning in Photo51
Video • 2.59 min • Mar 01, 2025

Watch how to perform BP Cloning in Photo51, the molecular biology software.

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Video
How to do Gateway LR Cloning in Photo51
Video • 3.21 min • Mar 01, 2025

Watch how to perform LR Cloning in Photo51, the molecular biology software.

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Video
How to do Gibson Assembly Cloning in Photo51
Video • 3.15 min • Mar 01, 2025

Watch how to perform Gibson Assembly Cloning in Photo51, the molecular biology software.

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Video
How to do InFusion Cloning in Photo51
Video • 3.26 min • Mar 01, 2025

Watch how to perform InFusion Cloning in Photo51, the molecular biology software.

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Video
How to do HiFi Assembly Cloning in Photo51
Video • 3.30 min • Mar 01, 2025

Watch how to perform HiFi Assembly Cloning in Photo51, the molecular biology software.

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Video
How to do Restriction Cloning in Photo51
Video • 2.36 min • Mar 01, 2025

Watch how to perform Restriction Cloning in Photo51, the molecular biology software.

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Video
How to do TA Cloning in Photo51
Video • 2.18 min • Mar 01, 2025

Watch how to perform TA Cloning in Photo51, the molecular biology software.

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Video
How to do Golden Gate Cloning in Photo51
Video • 3.11 min • Mar 01, 2025

Watch how to perform Golden Gate Cloning in Photo51, the molecular biology software.

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Video
How to create Virtual Gel in Photo51
Video • 3.00 min • Mar 01, 2025

Watch how to create virtual gel electrophoresis simulations in Photo51 to ensure all your fragments are the expected sizes!

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Video
How to do Sequence Alignment in Photo51
Video • 4.24 min • Mar 01, 2025

Watch how to align sequences to a reference, how to do a local or global pairwise alignment and how to align multiple sequences using MUSCLE or MAFFT algorithms.

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Video
How to use CRISPR-Cas Tools in Photo51
Video • 4.24 min • Mar 01, 2025

Watch how to get started using the CRISPR-Cas tools in Photo51 the molecular biology software. The video covers guide RNA creation and exporting as well as filtering for specific codon conversion for base editing systems.